Your journey to beginning PAP therapy.

Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy is the umbrella term for all treatments that use pressurized air to help people breathe during sleep. It's like having a gentle air pump that keeps your breathing passages open throughout the night, ensuring you get proper oxygen while sleeping.

"Nothing worth having comes easy." – Theodore Roosevelt

Having said that Theodore, starting CPAP therapy is not as daunting or as difficult as it may seem.
With a positive mindset and some patience, you’ll find solutions to any hurdles, whether it’s getting used to the mask, fine-tuning the device itself, or finding comfort accessories to make the therapy more comfortable and improve compliance.

Over time, CPAP will become a natural and even comforting part of your nightly routine, much like brushing your teeth. It can help you relax and fall asleep more easily, signalling your body that it’s time to rest. If something isn't working out or you need help, we're always here to help you with your sleep-better journey.

A quick rundown and introduction to getting started with PAP therapy

The Essential Guide:

Types of Sleep Apnea

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Most common type, where throat muscles relax and block your airway during sleep

Central Sleep Apnea: Your brain doesn't send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing

Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea: A combination of both obstructive and central sleep apnea

Click to read more

Receiving Your CPAP Machine

Congratulations on receiving your CPAP machine! Whether your device has been pre-set by your provider or needs configuration, this guide will walk you through getting started.

Please read through your quick-start guide to get started. If one was not provided, please let us know.

We encourage new users to read the user-manual of your new PAP device.

If Your Machine Is Pre-Set

Many patients receive their CPAP with prescribed settings already programmed. In this case:

  • Verify the prescription information matches what your doctor ordered
  • Confirm your pressure settings are correctly entered
  • Proceed to setup and first night preparation

If Your Machine Needs Configuration

Some devices require initial setup:

  • Keep your prescription paperwork handy
  • Follow the specific setup instructions for your model
  • Contact your equipment provider if you need assistance entering prescribed settings

Missing your CPAP Manual? Please click here to find and download the appropriate manual and user guide for your device.

Setting Up Your Equipment

  1. Place your CPAP machine on a stable surface near your bed
  2. Connect the tubing to the machine's air outlet
  3. Attach the mask to the other end of the tubing
  4. Fill the humidifier chamber if your machine has one
  5. Plug in the power cord

Your First Night with CPAP

  • Begin by trying your mask on while awake
  • Practice breathing with the machine running for 15-30 minutes before bedtime
  • Start with the "ramp" feature if available (gradually increases pressure)
  • Expect some adjustment - it's normal to feel strange at first

How CPAP Should Feel

  • You should feel gentle, consistent airflow
  • Breathing out may feel slightly resistant at first
  • The mask should create a seal without excessive pressure
  • The noise level should be minimal (modern machines are quiet)

When to Contact Support

Reach out to your equipment provider if:

  • Your pressure feels too high or too low
  • You experience significant discomfort that prevents sleep
  • You notice persistent mask leaks despite adjustments
  • You develop skin irritation or other physical reactions
  • Any other concerns that are hindering your nightly success

Adjusting Your Machine

  • Learn how to use the ramp feature for gradual pressure increase
  • Understand how to adjust humidification levels
  • Know which settings you can change and which require a prescription
  • Find the most comfortable mask position for your sleeping style
  • A quick-start guide is available upon request to access and update your pressure settings. Please do so with guidance from a healthcare professional.

Accessories That May Help

  • Mask liners to reduce skin irritation
  • Tubing management systems to prevent pulling
  • Soft tubing covers improve comfort and condensation build-up in the tube
  • Silencer kit allows you to place the PAP device under your bed if you wish to make it more quiet while you sleep
  • CPAP pillows designed for mask users
  • Chin straps if you experience mouth breathing
  • Mouth strips / tape as an alternative to chin straps to encourage nasal breathing

Developing a Nightly Routine

Integrate CPAP use into your bedtime routine:

  • Put on your mask about 15 minutes before you plan to sleep
  • Practice relaxation techniques while adjusting to the airflow
  • Find comfortable sleeping positions that work with your mask type
  • Be consistent - use your CPAP every night
  • If you get frustrated or irritated and feel like you’re failing, put the machine down, relax, and try to sleep either propped slightly upright (inclined) or semi-prone so your jaw is relaxing away from your skull - this helps to keep the airway open
  • Gradually try again each night with the machine, making small adjustments if necessary and asking for guidance when required

Caring for Your Equipment

  • Daily (or as required): Wipe mask cushion with CPAP wipes
  • Every 1-2 weeks: Clean mask, tubing, and water chamber with mild soap and water. Rinse well and allow to dry if possible. Note: If using the humidifier, you will need to clean your cpap tubing every week as residual water in the tubing can encourage bacterial or fungal growth in the tube 
  • Every 1-2 months: Replace filters according to manufacturer guidelines or when you can see they are visibly dirty.
  • Every 3-6 months: Replace mask cushions and headgear
  • Every year: Generally by this stage, you will need a new mask.
  • Every 5 - 10 years: Between 5 and 10 years, your PAP device may begin to fail and will need replacing.

Tracking Your Progress

  • Note improvements in energy, focus, and sleepiness
  • Monitor your therapy data if your machine offers tracking
  • Keep a sleep journal during your adjustment period
  • Share your experience with your healthcare provider
  • Utilize wearable technology such as smart watches, SPO2 rings, and sleep tracking mats that can effortlessly monitor your sleeping habits and detect apnea events
  • Compare your wearable data with your CPAP machine reports for a more complete picture of your sleep quality

"Reading the right article at the right moment can change your day, your perspective, or even your life."

- David Allen

This comprehensive guide delves deep into CPAP therapy, building upon the fundamentals we've covered. Understanding your therapy is crucial - the more knowledge you have, the better equipped you'll be to succeed. Research consistently shows that well-informed CPAP users achieve higher compliance rates, greater comfort, and better therapeutic outcomes. By thoroughly understanding your treatment, you'll be more likely to commit to therapy long-term, experience improved energy levels, and optimize the benefits of your CPAP experience.

In the following sections, we'll explore everything you need to know to make your CPAP journey successful, comfortable, and effective.

Understanding Sleep Apnea: Types, Origins, and Contributing Factors

Sleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep. These pauses, called apneas, can last from a few seconds to minutes and may occur 30 times or more per hour. The condition disrupts normal sleep patterns and reduces oxygen supply to the body, leading to numerous health complications if left untreated.

The Main Types of Sleep Apnea

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea is the most common form, affecting approximately 10-30% of adults. OSA occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat fail to keep the airway open despite efforts to breathe. This physical blockage results from the collapse of the soft tissues in the throat during sleep.

Mechanism: During normal breathing, air flows freely through the throat to the lungs. In OSA, when a person sleeps, the muscles that support the soft tissues in the throat (tongue, soft palate, and uvula) relax. This relaxation causes the airway to narrow or close completely during inhalation, temporarily cutting off breathing. When the oxygen level drops, the brain senses this disturbance and briefly rouses the person from sleep to reopen the airway. This awakening is usually so brief that the person doesn't remember it.

Origins and Risk Factors:

Anatomical factors: Excess weight and obesity (fat deposits around the upper airway)

Large tonsils and adenoids (especially common in children)

Craniofacial abnormalities (small jaw, recessed chin, large tongue)

Nasal obstruction due to deviated septum, allergies, or sinus problems

Family history and genetic predisposition

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

Central Sleep Apnea is less common than OSA and involves a failure of the brain to transmit proper signals to the breathing muscles.

Mechanism: In CSA, the brain temporarily fails to send appropriate signals to the muscles that control breathing. Unlike OSA, where the body attempts to breathe against a blocked airway, in CSA, there is no effort to breathe during the apneic episodes because the respiratory control center in the brain is not functioning correctly.

Origins and Risk Factors:

Neurological disorders affecting the brainstem (stroke, brain infection, cervical spine injury)

Heart disorders like congestive heart failure

High altitude exposure

Opioid medications which can suppress respiratory drive

Certain medical conditions like kidney failure

Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea

Complex or mixed sleep apnea is a combination of both obstructive and central sleep apnea.

Mechanism: Initially presenting as OSA, some patients develop central apneas during treatment with positive airway pressure therapy. This suggests that the underlying mechanisms of breathing control may be affected by long-term airway obstruction or may represent an independent disorder with features of both types.

Origins: Often begins as obstructive sleep apnea but reveals central components during treatment, suggesting a complex underlying pathophysiology involving both brain signaling issues and physical obstructions.

Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS)

This term encompasses both complete cessations of breathing (apneas) and partial reductions in airflow (hypopneas) that can cause oxygen desaturation and sleep fragmentation.

Hypopneas: These are partial reductions in airflow (usually by 30-90%) that last at least 10 seconds and are accompanied by oxygen desaturation or arousal from sleep.

Why Sleep Apnea Is Becoming More Common

Several factors contribute to the increasing prevalence of sleep apnea:


With global obesity rates climbing steadily over the past few decades, more people develop fat deposits around the upper airway that can obstruct breathing during sleep.


As societies age, the prevalence of sleep apnea increases since muscle tone decreases with age, including in the throat muscles.


Enhanced awareness among healthcare providers and better diagnostic technologies have led to more cases being identified that previously went undiagnosed.


Reduced physical activity contributes to weight gain and decreased muscle tone throughout the body, including respiratory muscles.


These factors can contribute to sleep disorders, including sleep apnea.

Lifestyle Factors Contributing to Sleep Apnea

Several lifestyle choices and habits can significantly increase the risk of developing sleep apnea:

Weight and Diet

Excess body weight is the single most significant risk factor for OSA. Fat deposits around the upper airway can obstruct breathing. Studies indicate that a 10% weight gain increases the risk of OSA by six times.

Additionally, poor dietary choices that lead to weight gain—especially consumption of highly processed foods, excessive calories, and alcohol before bedtime—can worsen sleep apnea symptoms.

Alcohol and Sedatives

Alcohol, sedatives, and tranquilizers relax the muscles in the throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea. These substances reduce the tone of the upper airway dilator muscles and increase airway collapsibility.

Smoking

Tobacco use is associated with increased risk of sleep apnea. Smoking causes inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway, which can narrow the airway space. Smokers are approximately three times more likely to have OSA than non-smokers.

Sleep Position

Sleeping on the back (supine position) worsens sleep apnea for many individuals because gravity pulls the relaxed tongue and soft tissues backward, obstructing the airway more easily.

Nasal Congestion

Chronic nasal congestion from allergies or anatomical issues increases the risk of sleep apnea by forcing individuals to breathe through their mouths during sleep, which can lead to airway instability.

Sleep Apnea's Significance in Public Health

Sleep apnea isn't merely a sleep disorder—it's a significant public health concern with far-reaching effects on multiple body systems. The intermittent oxygen deprivation and sleep fragmentation can lead to increased risks of cardiovascular problems, metabolic disorders, cognitive impairment, and diminished quality of life.

The increasing prevalence of this condition highlights the importance of understanding its types, origins, and contributing factors to better address this growing health challenge.

Setting Up CPAP Devices:
A Technical Guide

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy stands as the gold standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. The proper setup of these devices is crucial for effective therapy and patient compliance. This guide covers general CPAP setup principles along with specific information on three popular travel-sized models: the BMC G3, ResMed AirMini, and BMC M1 Mini.

General CPAP Setup Guidelines

Initial Preparation

Position your CPAP device on a stable, level surface near your bed. Ensure it sits lower than your sleeping position to prevent condensation from flowing back into the machine. Connect the power adapter to the device and plug it into a grounded electrical outlet. Consider a surge protector to prevent damage during electrical fluctuations. Most CPAP devices utilize air filters that need proper installation before use. These typically slide into a designated compartment at the air intake. For devices with humidification, fill the water chamber to the indicated maximum line using distilled water only (tap water causes mineral buildup that damages the device). Attach the air tubing firmly to the device's air outlet port. Ensure connections are secure to prevent air leaks. Connect the opposite end of the tubing to your CPAP mask. Different masks require different connection methods, but most click into place.

BMC G3 Series Setup

The BMC G3 is a popular CPAP/APAP device with advanced features despite its relatively small size.

Technical Specifications

  • Dimensions: 5.7" × 5.1" × 3.9"
  • Weight: 1.9 lbs
  • Pressure Range: 4-20 cmH₂O
  • Ramp Time: 0-60 minutes (adjustable)
  • Operating Altitude: Up to 8,500 feet

Specific Setup Steps

  • SD Card Installation: Insert the SD card into the slot on the side of the device for data recording.
  • Power Connection: Connect the 24V DC power adapter.
  • Filter Installation: Insert the foam filter into the filter compartment on the device's rear.
  • Tube Connection: Attach the 15mm standard tubing to the air outlet port.
  • Initial Settings Configuration:
    - Press and hold the dial and home button simultaneously for 3 seconds to access the clinical menu.
    - Rotate the dial to navigate through settings and press to select.
    - The device offers both fixed CPAP and Auto (APAP) modes.

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ResMed AirMini Setup

The ResMed AirMini is one of the smallest CPAP devices available, designed specifically for travel.

Technical Specifications

  • Dimensions: 5.4" × 3.3" × 2.0"
  • Weight: 0.66 lbs
  • Pressure Range: 4-20 cmH₂O
  • HumidX: Waterless humidification system
  • Bluetooth: Built-in for connection to smartphone app

Specific Setup Steps

Power Connection: Connect the provided power supply unit.

Tubing Setup: The AirMini uses proprietary tubing designs specific to compatible mask types:

  • AirMini tubing for F20 full face masks
  • AirMini tubing for N20 nasal masks
  • AirMini tubing for P10 nasal pillow masks
  • Adapters are available for other types of masks

HumidX Installation: For N20 and P10 setups, insert the HumidX cartridge into the connector between the tubing and mask.

App Connection:

  • Download the AirMini app on your smartphone.
  • Enable Bluetooth on your phone.
  • Follow in-app instructions to pair with the device.
  • All settings adjustments must be done through the app as the device has no display screen.

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BMC M1 Mini Setup

The BMC M1 Mini offers a balance between portability and functionality with its integrated display.

Technical Specifications

  • Dimensions: 4.1" × 2.6" × 5.8"
  • Weight: 1.3 lbs
  • Pressure Range: 4-20 cmH₂O
  • Built-in Battery: Optional version available with 8-hour battery
  • Display: Integrated OLED screen

Specific Setup Steps

  1. Power Connection: Connect the DC power supply.
  2. Filter Installation: Insert the air filter into the back compartment.
  3. Tubing Connection: Attach standard 15mm or 22mm tubing to the air outlet.
  4. Settings Configuration:
  • Press and hold the menu button for 3 seconds to access the settings menu.
  • Use the up/down buttons to navigate and the menu button to select.
  • For clinical settings, press and hold both the menu and up buttons for 5 seconds.

Understanding Common CPAP/APAP Settings

Mode Options

  • CPAP Mode: Delivers a continuous, fixed pressure throughout the night.
  • APAP Mode: Automatically adjusts pressure within a prescribed range based on detected respiratory events.
  • BiPAP Mode: Provides different pressures for inhalation and exhalation (not available on these travel models).

Pressure Settings

  • Fixed Pressure: In CPAP mode, this is the single pressure (measured in cmH₂O) delivered continuously.
  • Pressure Range: In APAP mode, these are the minimum and maximum pressures (4-20 cmH₂O is typical) within which the device will automatically adjust.
  • Starting Pressure: The initial pressure when the device begins operation, often lower than the therapeutic pressure.

Comfort Features

  • Ramp Time: Gradually increases pressure from a lower starting pressure to the prescribed therapeutic pressure over a set period (typically 5-45 minutes).
  • EPR/A-Flex/C-Flex: Pressure relief during exhalation to make breathing feel more natural:

- Setting of 1: Minimal pressure drop during exhalation
- Setting of 2: Moderate pressure drop
- Setting of 3: Maximum pressure drop

  • Mask Type: Setting that optimizes air delivery based on the selected mask type (nasal, full face, pillows).

Advanced Settings

  • AHI Goal: Some advanced APAPs allow setting a target Apnea-Hypopnea Index value.
  • Response Rate: How quickly the device responds to detected events (faster response can cause more pressure fluctuations).
  • Snore Detection Sensitivity: Determines how responsive the device is to detected snoring.
  • Auto Start/Stop: Enables the device to automatically start when breathing into the mask and stop when removing it.

Data Recording Settings

  • Compliance Recording: Tracks usage hours, days used, and detailed breathing event data.
  • Leak Monitoring: Records mask and mouth leaks that might compromise therapy.
  • AHI Recording: Tracks respiratory events per hour to monitor therapy effectiveness.

Technical Calibration Considerations

When setting up any CPAP device, several technical considerations should be addressed:

Altitude Compensation

Pressure delivery is affected by atmospheric pressure, which changes with altitude. Many modern devices automatically adjust for altitude changes, but some require manual calibration:

  • BMC G3: Automatic altitude adjustment up to 8,500 feet
  • ResMed AirMini: Automatic adjustment up to 8,500 feet
  • BMC M1 Mini: Automatic adjustment up to 8,000 feet

Mask Leak Calibration

All three featured devices have automatic leak compensation, but understanding the limits helps with troubleshooting:

  • BMC G3: Compensates for leaks up to 40 L/min
  • ResMed AirMini: Compensates for leaks up to 45 L/min
  • BMC M1 Mini: Compensates for leaks up to 38 L/min

Monitoring Systems

BMC G3: Provides basic efficacy data on the display; more detailed data available via SD card

ResMed AirMini: All monitoring happens through the smartphone app, which provides therapy statistics and trends

BMC M1 Mini: Offers on-screen summaries of basic usage data; more comprehensive data requires software

Proper setup of a CPAP device is essential for effective therapy. While these travel-sized models prioritize portability, they retain most of the technical capabilities of their larger counterparts. Understanding the specific requirements of your prescribed device and the significance of each setting will help maximize the benefits of CPAP therapy for treating sleep apnea.